Showing posts with label Philosophy for Children. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Philosophy for Children. Show all posts

Sunday, 29 December 2013

Introduction

At University Wales Trinity Saint David Swansea, I am currently studying Education Studies and I have based my blog on four concepts that I have found most interesting throughout my 21st Century Learning lectures and seminars. The concepts that I have chosen are Steiner Waldorf Education, Learning Outside the Classroom, Philosophy for Children and Montessori Schools. Each of these concepts can be linked through the importance of play for a child’s development during their education.

Steiner Waldorf Education
I have begun this post with a brief background to how Steiner schools were first introduced and later became a worldwide movement. The Steiner school curriculum has also been brought into my blog post to indicate that Steiner believed in a curriculum based on the whole development of a child to help engage in their abilities. I have mentioned the different stages of Steiner schools which include Kindergarten or Early Years (3-7), Lower School (7-14) and Upper School (14-19). These have been mentioned in my blog as I believe they show the development of the curriculum through Steiner schools and how it gradually changes as the children develop.

I decided to talk about Steiner Waldorf Education as it is something that interests me as it has its own curriculum. Although, before I began my research, I did not believe that Steiner Education would be better than the core curricular I am currently use to, I have come to agree with some of Rudolf Steiner’s ideas as I also believe that children learn more effectively when they are given more time to develop socially.

Learning Outside the Classroom
This post explains the importance of enabling children to learn outside the classroom, either through school trips or simply taking the children outside for a lesson. I have mentioned how taking children on a learning experience outside the classroom can develop their social skills as well as attendance. Also, I have spoken about Quality Badges from the Council for Learning Outside the Classroom which is a certificate for providers who meet a certain criteria.

I chose Learning Outside the Classroom as I believe that children are more engaged to learn when they are having fun and what they are being taught is put into a more realistic context. For this post, I could also bring my own experience into what I was trying to explain which made it more personal to me.

Philosophy for Children
I opened this post with a brief background to Matthew Lipman who introduced the theory that philosophical inquiry needed to begin early on in childhood. I have then spoken about how Philosophy for Children is taught to children and how often. As well as this, I introduced a table to show what types of thinking ‘Philosophy for Children’ can help a child develop. To finish the blog post, I mentioned about the outcomes, weaknesses and benefits of this programme for children as I thought this would be important in allowing people to come to their own conclusions.

I decided to write about Philosophy for Children as I found it different to the other concepts that I have been taught this semester. This is due to it encouraging children to develop their creative thinking as well as their judgement. This concept is also different as it does not mainly focus on play-based learning, which is a repetitive theme throughout the other concepts that I have mentioned.

Montessori
Similarly to the other three blog posts, I have begun with a brief background about Maria Montessori who introduced Montessori schools. I followed this with a timeline of events which led to the worldwide movement of Montessori schools which we now have in the UK. To conclude my post, I mentioned the role of the teacher and the Montessori settings as I found these equally important to the lead up of the schools due to the fact that they play an important role in Montessori schools then and now.

I chose Montessori schools as one of my blog posts since I knew a little about them before they were mentioned in my lecture. As I began my research, it became clear to me that this was going to be something that I wanted to write about. I believe that Montessori schools enable their children to learn at their own pace and will give them the personal satisfaction and ability to face challenges of everyday life.

To conclude, I believe that each concept is unique in the way that they teach children. Although, they differ in this way, each concept has great outcomes which will benefit children throughout their lives. I favour Philosophy for Children as it helps to engage them into learning through discussions, whereas while they are sat at a desk they can fear getting an answer wrong. The other concepts also help engage children in other ways, such as Learning Outside the Classroom which introduces children to new environments.

Friday, 27 December 2013

Philosophy for Children


“Thinking was something that had to be taught much earlier, before thinking habits entrenched, so that by the time a student graduated from High School, skilful, independent thinking would have become a habit” (Fisher, 2003, p. 26). – Matthew Lipman
 
Matthew Lipman taught philosophy at Columbia University. Here he became disappointed with his class as there were many young adults who were unable to reason effectively. Due to this disappointed he decided that philosophical inquiry needed to start early on in their childhood. At Montclair State University, Lipman established the IAPC, Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children, in 1972. As well as this he published a book, Harry Stottlemeier’s Discovery. This book was intended to help adults teach philosophy to their own children or students (Enable Training and Consulting, 2011).   
 
How is Philosophy for Children taught?
These lessons usually start with a recommended two hour session each week, which may include reading an extract from a novel or a video. This will then be followed by questions raised by a majority of the students and discussions of their chosen topic. The teacher usually extends the discussion by asking further questions from a discussion plan (Fisher, 2003). The discussions continue through their own path as children’s thoughts and ideas begin to agree or disagree with one another. The children are also required to give a reason for their point of view (Philosophy4Children, 2013).
 
Creative writing, art-work or mind-mapping may also be included as follow-up activities for the children’s discussion. These activities encourage children to develop their creative thinking and judgement, as well as ‘Community of Inquiry’, which is a special sense of community (Fisher, 2003)
 
Below is a video showing an example of Philosophy for Children:
                                                                                                      (Trust, 2013)



What types of thinking does Philosophy for Children develop?
“Philosophy applied to education for the purpose of producing students with improved proficiency in reasoning and judgement” (Fisher, 2003).
 
Philosophy for Children aims to move children from the routine to the reflective, as well as helping them move from unconsidered to considered, and everyday thinking to critical thinking (Fisher, 2003).
 
The table below shows the improvements made through Philosophy for Children (Fisher, 2003):
Elements of thinking

Everyday thinking
Critical thinking
Guessing
Estimating
Preferring
Evaluating
Assuming
Justifying
Associating/listing
Classifying
Accepting
Hypothesising
Judging
Analysing
Inferring
Reasoning

Outcomes for Children:
Philosophy for Children teaches children to be able to think before they speak as well as give reasons for what they are saying. They learn to value their views and the views of others; not taking other people’s views or opinions personally. Philosophy for Children also teaches children to respect and negotiate with others, along with learning not to be fearful.  We must take into account that they help improve a child’s independence by enabling them to think and speak for themselves. Philosophy for Children can also impact on other areas of the curriculum, for example, creating stories in English or creating a presentation (Philosophy4Children, 2013).
 
Weaknesses of Philosophy for Children:
Many teachers say the weakness of this programme seems to be that they cannot see a “clearly defined developmental progression within the great number of skills and topics presented in the teacher’s manuals” (Fisher, 2003).  
 
Benefits of Philosophy for Children:

Below I created a mind-map to show the benefits of the Philosophy for Children sessions (Philosophy4Children, 2013):
                                                                                                         (bubbl.us, 2013)

References

bubbl.us, 2013. bubbl.uk. [Online]
Available at: https://bubbl.us/
[Accessed 27 December 2013].

Enable Training and Consulting, I., 2011. KidsThinkAboutIt. [Online]
Available at: http://kidsthinkaboutit.com/?p=1673
[Accessed 27 December 2013].

Fisher, R., 2003. Philosophy for Children: Teaching children to think. In: Teaching Thinking. Bath: Continuum, p. 26-50.

Philosophy4Children, 2013. Philosophy4Children. [Online]
Available at: http://www.philosophy4children.co.uk/home/p4c/
[Accessed 27 December 2013].

Trust, D. M., 2013. YouTube. [Online]
Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeveNmuEQcU
[Accessed 27 December 2013].